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Pulsed and Mixed Signal Circuits Design

1. Pulse and analog signals.
• Basic concepts and methods for circuit analysis.
• Theoretical research: analytical and numerical methods.
• Experimental research.
• Design and technology and circuit engineering.
• Functional stability.
• Transfer characteristic and noise.
• Variations of the transfer characteristic from the production process and the environment.

2. Linear pulse circuits.
• Linear characteristics.
• Methods for analyzing transient processes - classical operator, frequency and Duhamel integral methods.
• Integrating and differentiating circuits - passive and active.
• Synthesis, analysis and accuracy.
• Integrating and differentiating amplifier.

3. Linear pulse circuits – implementations and applications.
• Parasitic components.
• Consumed and dissipated energy.
• Signal edges and delays.
• Applications of RC circuits.
• RC divider circuit.
• Frequency – independent voltage divider.
• Shock excitation of an oscillating circuit.
• Delays and reflections in connecting wires.
• Problems with mismatched circuits.
• Transmission line – signal reflections.
• Matching circuits.

4. Nonlinear methods for signal conversion.
• Switch mode - analytical methods.
• Ideal switch circuits.
• Amplitude limiters.
• Passive and active diode limiters.

5. Bipolar and MOS key circuits.
• Switching circuit with bipolar transistor - transient processes.
• MOS- switch circuit - transient processes
• CMOS- switch circuit of an inverter-transfer characteristic.
• Transient processes in a CMOS inverter
• Noise in CMOS switching circuits.
• Safe operation area (SOA).
• Avalanche operation of transistors.

6. Positive feedback circuits and systems – flip-flops.
• Positive feedback systems and circuits.
• Basic flip-flop cells.
• Positive feedback operation.
• Transient processes.
• MOS and CMOS flip-flops
• Quasi-static and dynamic flip-flops.
• Structural fast response – SR flip-flop.
• Metastability.

7. Asymmetrical triggers.
• Asymmetrical triggers - principles.
• Synthesis of an asymmetrical trigger.
• Positive feedback system.
• Inverting Schmitt trigger with operational amplifier.
• Non-inverting Schmitt trigger.
• Summing Schmitt trigger.
• Precision Schmitt trigger with analog switch.
• Precision Schmitt trigger with two comparators.
• Schmitt trigger with bipolar transistors.
• CMOS Schmitt trigger.
• Schmitt triggers with dynamic hysteresis.
• Applications of Schmitt triggers.

8. Relaxation circuits. Pulse signal generators.
• Operating modes of trigger-based pulse generators.
• Output signal shaping modes.
• Monovibrator based on a symmetrical trigger.
• Monovibrators based on a Schmitt transistor trigger.
• Monovibrators based on signal formation in the transmission path.
• Monovibrator with exponential expansion of integrating voltage.
• Multivibrator based on a symmetrical trigger.
• Multivibrator based on an asymmetric trigger with an op amp.
• Multivibrator with variable duty cycle.
• Relaxation generator with linear voltage expansion.
• Programmable sawtooth voltage generators.
• 555 timer.
• Multivibrator based on 555 timer.
• Monovibrator based on 555 timer.
• Using the delays of logic elements.
• Linearly varying voltages.
• Generation of sawtooth voltage with compensating voltage.
• Pulse generators with magnetic feedback / Blocking generators /.
• Current, time and energy dependencies in blocking generators.

9. Analog - discrete type circuits.
• Analog - discrete type circuits - definition.
• Analog signal switches.
• Bipolar switches - diode and transistor.
• MOS and CMOS switches - P-switch and T-switch
• Analog switch with switched control.
• Operating modes of electronic switches in analog signal sampling mode.
• Basic circuit structures of T/H and S/H
• S/H and T/H with Miller effect.
• Circuits with switched capacitors - SC-resistors.
• SC-circuits implementing time constants.
• SC-circuits of amplifiers.
• Current mirrors with switched circuits.
• Voltage inverter.
• Voltage multiplier.

10. Digital to Analog Converters. Part 1.
• Principle of operation of DAC
• Generalized converter structures
• Transfer characteristics of DAC
• Classification of DAC
• DAC with current summing
• Binary DAC with current summing
• DAC with R-2R matrix and current summing
• Termination of DAC with current output
• Two-quadrant DAC with current summing
• Voltage DACs
• Voltage DACs with string and segment structure
• Voltage DAC with R-2R matrix
• Charge DACs
• Pulse-width DACs.

11. Digital to Analog Converters. Part 2.
• 2-C DAC
• DAC with cyclic structure
• DAC with sequential conversion structure
• Σδ DAC
• Binary-decimal DAC
• CASCADE DAC
• Parameters and errors
• Resolution
• Settling time
• Linearity
• Differential nonlinearity
• Integral nonlinearity
• Gain and transmission coefficient error
• Offset voltage
• Test circuit for determining the parameters of Digital to Analog Converters
• Applications of DAC

12. Analog - Digital Converters. Part 1.
• Basic structural diagram for analog signal processing
• ADC principle
• Quantization error – static and time distribution
• Static conversion errors
• Offset voltage – offset
• Transmission coefficient deviation
• Differential nonlinearity (DNL)
• Integral nonlinearity (INL)
• Code skipping
• Nonmonotonicity of the transmission characteristic
• Aperture error
• Structural classification
• Parallel ADCs
• Time-interval ADC
• Stream ADCs (sequentially parallel ADCs)
• Stream ADCs in subbands
• ADC with DAC in the feedback
• ADC with DAC in the feedback in the uniform step balancing mode
• ADC with DAC in the feedback in the tracking balancing mode
• ADC with DAC in the feedback in the bit-by-bit mode balancing
• ADC with in bit-by-bit balancing mode with charge conversion
• ADC with DAC in the feedback loop using a program-algorithmic control method and external computational control structure.

13. Analog - Digital Converters. Part 2.
• Integrating ADCs
• ADCs with conversion into frequency - time parameters.
• U->T conversion [ with linear expansion of the reference quantity ].
• U->F conversion [ with linear expansion of the unknown quantity ].
• Dual integration [ Dual Slope - Philips ].
• Multi-cycle integration.
• Multi-slope method [ Multi Slope - HP ].
• ADC with forcing voltage [ Forcing Wave - Datron ].
• ΣΔ ADC [ ΣΔ - Charge – Balance ].

14. Analog - Digital Converters. Part 3.
• Specialized ADCs.
• Algorithmic one-bit ADCs.
• Nonlinear ADCs.
• Stochastic ADCs.
• Methods for improving ADC parameters.
• Automatic zero correction when converting bipolar signals.
• ADC compensation with "reversal procedures".
• Statistical improvement of ADC resolution.
• ADC testing.
• Static tests.
• Dynamic tests.
• DACs and ADCs in industrial systems.

15. Signal reconstruction and synthesis.
• Signal reconstruction.
• Signal extrapolation.
• Spectral composition of reconstructed signals.
• Signal reconstruction with addition of interpolated values.
• Interpolation structure.
• Digital signal synthesis.
• Direct table extraction.
• Digital synthesis with phase accumulator.
• CORDIC algorithm for signal synthesis.
• Digital synthesis of arbitrary signal.
• Frequency synthesis of signals.