Todorov's Personal WEB Page

MEASUREMENTS IN ELECTRONICS

THEME "Metrological expressions and definitions "
1.Meteorological definition of measurement process and measurement errors. Main types of measurement errors and method of presentation. Measuring converters. Transmit function and errors determined by the parameters of the measuring transducer.
2.Probabilistic errors. Statistical evaluation of the measurement process and confidence intervals. Methods for determining probability errors and their reduction.
3Methods for increasing the accuracy of measuring transducers. Successive measuring structures. Structures with negative feedback. Correction of the multiplier and additive components of the error.

THEME "Generators of stimulating signals"
4.Basic characteristics of the stimulating signal generators. RC generators of low frequency sinusoidal signals. Automatic gain control systems in RC generators. Non-linear distortion factor (THD).
5.Functional generators. Structural design and operation. Conversion of sawtooth voltage into sinusoidal. Programming parameters of the generated frequency.
6.Programmable and pulse generators. Frequency Synthesizers. Structural schemes, principles of operation and transmission functions. Phase detectors and their work as comparing devices. Programming parameters generated stimulus signals.

THEME "Electronic oscilloscopes"
7.Analog oscilloscopes. Basic parameters. Summary scheme operating principle, frequency limitations.Types of drawings and synchronizations - principles of realization.
8.Stroboscopic and speed oscilloscopes. Structural schemes and operating principles. Specifics of use.
9.Memorable and digital oscilloscopes. Basic structural schemes and principles of their work.

THEME "Electronic methods for measuring electrical quantities"
10.Electronic measuring voltage and current. Scaling amplifiers. Measuring AC signals. Detection of an average, peak and rms. Active detectors. "TRUE - RMS" detectors.
11Digital voltmeters with analogue-to-digital converters using integration with slip-slop integration. Principle of operation, reforming function, measurement errors and peculiarities in the use.
12.Digital voltmeters with analog-to-digital converters applying the method to convert the measured voltage and frequency in time.Principles of work converting functions, measurement errors and peculiarities in their use.
13.Digital Multimeters. Summary measuring structural schemes. Zero compensation systems.

THEME "Measuring the frequency-time parameters"
14.Analog methods for measuring frequency-time parameters. Frequency converters in current and phase voltage differences. Schemes, principles of operation and transmission characteristics.
15. Digital methods of measuring frequency-time parameters. Measuring the frequency, period, time intervals, phase differences and regards the frequencies. Schemes operating principles and measurement errors.
16.Measurement of frequency-time parameters at ultra-high frequencies. Heterodyne methods and frequency spectrum translation.

THEME "Measurement parameters of passive components"
17.Measurement of passive and reactive bipolar and element parameters. Methods and circuits for measuring applying the bridging principle, transformation in frequency or in time interval.
18.Vector measurement of R, L, C and Z parameters. Structural measuring circuits, principles and functions of transformation. Vector RLCZ meter with a phase detection of {RE} and {IM} ingredient.

THEME "Measurement of integrated circuit parameters"
19.Measurement of static characteristics of semiconductor devices.Measuring structures applying volt-ampere methods for their capture. Harakteriografi - structural design and operation.
20.Measuring and determining the parameters of electronic components using programmable "Stimulating - Measuring Modules". Sinoptic and structural design, principles of operation and programming modes.
21.Measurement parameters of linear ICs. Direct methods and methods of measurement by compensation of parasitic parameters. Capture transient, dynamic and frequency characteristics of operational amplifiers.
22.Measurement parameters of digital ICs. Parametric, functional and dynamic tests of digital integrated circuits. Signature analysis of digital circuits and digital devices. Principle of operation, measuring circuit and organization and sequence of testing procedures.

THEME "Computer Measurement Systems"
23.Organization of computer-controlled stimulation-measurement systems. Interfaces and connection between measuring and computing structure in stimulating computer-controlled measuring systems.
24.Object oriented, "Plug in Play" and "Internet" based measuring modules, devices and systems. Features of hardware and software organization. Communication protocols.